Many questions arise today when it comes to defining parenthood. If the biological link is no longer an essential factor, the notion of long-term linkage remains fundamental and the instrumental daily commitment of parent to child is more material than ever. Being a parent is no longer necessarily restricted to a conjugal or even charnel relationship, nor does it automatically involve a male-female partnership, as is presupposed by the fundamental principles of our genealogical system, which is based on sexual differentiation. Being a parent today also requires, more and more often, that we take into account other ‘parental’ modes.

https://www.efg.inrs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2004-No1-Belleau.pdf